What's New in Neurofeedback

A Monthly Summary of News and Events

Vol. 7 No. 6 - June 2004

This newsletter is sponsored by EEG Spectrum International Intl, Inc.,
a leader in providing clinical service and training professionals.

Past issues are available at start.eegspectrum.com/Newsletter/
Information on how to subscribe or cancel a subscription appear at the end.
The opinions related in this newsletter reflect those of the author only.
Copyright (C) 2002 by EEG Spectrum International Intl, Inc. All rights reserved.


  • Announcements  - News
  • In the Spotlight     - 75 Years of EEG Investigation
  • News & Reviews - Books & journal papers
  • Events & Locations - Conferences, Courses
  • Last Word               - QEEG Research: Who, where, and what

    •  

    Announcements


     

    In the Spotlight

    Seventy-five Years of EEG Investigation

    The field of cognitive neuroscience is said to have begun last decade with the advances in magnetic resonance imaging, but EEG has been providing psychiatrists and neurologists functional correlates since the 1930s. Like all imaging techniques, quantitative EEG required computer advances before blooming; and it wasn't until the mid-1960s until a reasonably quick method of computing spectral magnitudes (fast fourier transform, or FFT) was developed and the promise of this technique took stride. Prior to this, even with only eyeballs and rulers, important conclusions were made using EEG for a variety of conditions. Below is a list of the earliest research paper for each disorder. FIRST PAPERS IN TOPIC (and approximate years of research):
  • Animal EEG: 1875 (125 years)
  • Human EEG 1929 (75)
  • Fourier analysis of EEG: 1932 (70)
  • Children: 1932 (70)
  • In English: 1934 (70)
  • Sleep: 1935 (70)
  • Aviation: 1941 (65)
  • Military: 1942 (60)

    Disorders

  • Epilepsy: 1933 (70)
  • Schizophrenia: 1937 (65)
  • Narcolepsy: 1939 (65)
  • Migraine: 1941 (60)
  • Alcoholism: 1941 (60)
  • OCD: 1947 (55)
  • Anxiety: 1948 (55)

    Brain Injuries

  • Head injury: 1931 (70)
  • Frontal lobotomy: 1936 (65)
  • Mental deficiency: 1937 (65)
  • Brain lesions: 1938 (65)
  • Tremor: 1941 (60)
  • Concussion: 1942 (60)
  • Multiple sclerosis: 1944 (60)

    Behavior problems

  • Stuttering: 1936 (55)
  • Conduct disorder: 1937 (55)
  • Aggression: 1942 (60)
  • Delinquency: 1943 (60)

    Misc.

  • Heredity: 1934 (70)
  • Hypnosis: 1936 (65)
  • Consciousness: 1937 (65)
  • Personality: 1938 (65)
  • Deafness: 1941 (60)
  • Pregancy: 1942 (60)
  • Operant conditioning: 1969 (35)

    Citations are below:

    1. First EEG paper (in animals): Caton R (1875). The electric currents of the brain. British Medical Journal, 2, 278.
    2. First human EEG paper: Berger H. (1929). Ueber das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 87, 527-570.
    3. First to use fourier analysis: Dietsch, G. (1932). Fourier-analyse von Elektrenkephalogrammen des Menschen. Pflüger's Arch. Ges. Physiol., 230, 106-112.
    4. Children: Berger, H. (1932). Über das Elektren-kephalogramm des Menschen. Fünfte Mitteilung. (Fifth Report) Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 98, 231-254.
    5. First EEG paper in English: Adrian ED & Matthews BHC (1934). The interpretation of potential waves in the cortex. Journal of Physiology, 81, 440-471. (and same year: Adrian E & Mathews BHC (1934). The Berger Rhythm. Brain, 57, 355-385.)
    6. Aviation [beat me by nearly 50 years]: Minderman E (1941). Pilots tested by brain wave analysis. Medical Records, 153, 292.
    7. Military service: Harty JE, Gibbs EL & Gibbs FA (1942). An EEG study of 274 candidates for military service, Journal of nervous mental disease, 96, 435-440.
    8. Epilepsy: Berger (1933) and F.A. Gibbs, H. Davis and W.G. Lennox. (1935). The electro-encephalogram in epilepsy and in conditions of impaired consciousness. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 34, 1133-1148.
    9. Sleep: Loomis AL, Harvey EN, Hobart GA (1935). Potential rhythms of the cerebral cortex during sleep. Science, 81, 597-598.
    10. Alcoholism: Davis PA, Gibbs FA, Davis H, Jetter WW, & Trowbridge LS. (1941). The effects of alcohol upon the electroencephalogram (brain waves). Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1, 626-637.
    11. Migraine: Strauss H & Selinsky H. (1941). EEG changes in patients with migrainous syndrome. Transactions of the American Neurological Assoc., 67, 205-208.
    12. Narcolepsy: Janzen R. (1939). Hiernbioelektrische Untersuchungen uber den physiologischen Schlaf und den Schlaganfall bei Kranken mit genuiner Narkolepsie. Deutsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 149, 93-106.
    13. Head injury: Berger (1931) and Jasper HH, Kershman J, & Elvidge AR (1940). EEG studies of injury to the head. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 44, 328-348.
    14. Frontal lobotomy (sign of the times): Marinesco G, Sager O, & Kreindler A (1936). Etudes EEG: EEG chez une malade avec extirpation du lobe frontal. Bulletin of Acad Med, 115, 873-877.
    15. Brain lesions: Case TJ & Bucy PC (1938). Localization of cerebral lesions by EEG. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1, 245-261.
    16. Tremor: Lindquist T. (1941). Finger tremor and alpha waves on the EEG. Acta Med Scand., 108, 580-585.
    17. Concussion: Anderson EW (1942). Psychiatric syndromes following blast, Journal of Mental Science, 88, 328-340.
    18. Multiple sclerosis: Hoefer PFA & Guttman SA (1944). The EEG in multiple sclerosis. Transactions of the American Neurological Assoc., 70, 70-73.
    19. Heredity: Perkins FT. (1934) Genetic study of cerebral action currents. Science, 79, 418.
    20. Aggression: Gibbs FA, Bloomberg W & Bagchi BK (1942). An EEG study of adult criminals. Transactions of the American Neurological Assoc., 68, 87-90
    21. Delinquency: Jenkins RL & Pacella BL (1943). EEG studies of delinquent boys, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 13, 107-120.
    22. Hypnosis: Loomis AL, Harvey EN, & Hobart G (1936). Brain potentials during hypnosis. Science, 83, 239.
    23. Personality: Gottlober AB (1938). The relationship between brain potentials and personality. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 67-74.
    24. Consciousness: Travis LE (1937). Brain potentials and the temporal course of consciousness, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 302-309.
    25. Stuttering: Travis LE & Knott JR. (1936). Brain potentials from normal speakers and stutterers. Journal of Psychology, 2, 137-150.
    26. Schizophrenia: Travis LE & Malamud W (1937). Brain potentials from normal subjects, stutterers, and schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 93, 927-936. and, Hoagland H (1937). Encephalography in schizophrenia. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 39, 210-213.
    27. Behavior problems in children: Solomon P, Jasper HH & Braley C. (1937). Studies in behavior problem children. American Neurology and Psychiatry, 38, 1350-1351.
    28. Mental deficiency: Kreezer G & Smith FW (1937). Brain potentials in the hereditary type of mental deficiency. Psychological Bulletin, 34, 535-536.
    29. OCD: Rockwell FV & Simons DJ (1947). The electroencephalogram and personality organization in the obsessive-compulsive reactions. Archive of Neurology and Psychiatry, 57, 71-77.
    30. Anxiety: Schipp E, Dugan P, Kennard MA, & Welsh L. (1948). Effects of pathological anxiety in childhood on EEG and conditioned PGR. American Psychologist, 3, 371.
    31. Pregancy: Gibbs FA & Reid DE (1942). The EEG in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics, 44, 672-675.
    32. Deafness: Bagchi BK (1941). The brain potentials of the deaf and dumb. Psychological Bulletin, 38, 591.
    33. Operant conditioning: Kamiya J, Callaway E, Yeager CL. (1969). Visual evoked responses in subjects trained to control alpha rhythms. Psychophysiology, 5, 683-95
    The above doesn't include the numerous physiological investigations into vision, sensory stimulation, electrical stimulation, effects of drugs like anticonvulsants and anaesthetics, anoxia, hyperventilation, cardiovascular, blood sugar, animal research, etc. In all, functional neuroimaging has a 75 year history with over 250,000 peer reviewed papers to its name (fMRI has the majority, 125,000 papers published since its inception, EEG 87,000, PET 33,000, SPECT 17,000, and MEG or magnetoencephalography 3,500. Seventy-five years and computers are just now allowing the most pertinent and thorough investigations into the mind.

    -DK

     

    News & Reviews NEW BOOKS

    The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography
    by Larry Squire
    Short autobiographies of 17 neuroscientists, including four Nobel Laureates. --www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126603014/top100

    The Enchanted Loom: Chapters in the History of Neuroscience
    by Pietro Corsi
    History of neuroscience. --www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195066464/top100

    I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self
    by Rodolfo R. Llinás
    Author posits our awareness as an artifact of the cortico-thalamic binding of perceptions and movements in synchrony. --www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262122332/top100

    Dreaming as Delirium: How the Brain Goes Out of Its Mind
    by J. Allan Hobson
    Controversial theory of consciousness in which the brain-mind is not fixed but a dynamic balancing act between chemical systems that regulate wakefulness and dreaming. --www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262581795/top100

    Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior
    by J. A. Scott Kelso
    The human brain is a pattern-forming dynamical system, poised on the brink of instability --www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262611317/top100

    Wet Mind
    by Stephen M. Kosslyn
    Classic introduction to cognitive neuroscience --www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/002917595X/top100

     

    JOURNAL PAPERS

    Sex differences in developmental reading disability : Rates of reading disability are 2 to 4 times higher in boys than girls. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15113820

    PTSD arousal and increased right-sided parietal EEG asymmetry. : Anxiety and right-sided posterior activation is specific to anxious arousal subtype. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15122952

    Gender differences in hemispheric organization during divergent thinking: EEG : Results suggest different hemispheric organization in men and women during creative thinking. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15158012

    Trends in autism. : Prior to 1985, autism spectrum rates were 1 in 2,000; current US rates are 8 per 2,000; other countries surveyed. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15148861

    EEG alpha power changes reflect response inhibition deficits after TBI : TBI patients may be less capable of maintaining a state of alpha desynchronization. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15147767

    Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood : Higher-order association cortices mature only after lower-order somatosensory and visual cortices develop, and phylogenetically older brain areas mature earlier than newer ones. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15148381

    EEG spectral analysis of wakefulness and REM sleep in HA autism : Frontal atypicalities were found along with EEG evidence of abnormal visuoperceptual functioning. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15134704

    Relative left-frontal activity in increased depression in high reassurance-seekers. : Stable relative right-frontal activity was associated with increased depression in low reassurance-seekers, while the opposite pattern was found in high reassurance-seekers. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15130529

    Sex and estrogen influence drug abuse. : Females seem to be more sensitive to rewarding effects of drugs than males, perhaps due to estrogen differences. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15120494

    LORETA study of unmedicated males with depression. : Left anterior functional hypoactivation during challenge was indicative of depression. Also, spatial challenge best separated depressed from controls. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15033188

    Self-reported psychopathology in polydrug users. : Most polydrug exhibited higher anxiety symptoms although most were unworried by such symptoms, either due to a lack of self-awareness or acceptance of them as part of their substance use. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15107188

     

     

    Events & Locations

    Upcoming Courses

    A Pathway to Brain Regulation - Neurofeedback helps improve neuroregulation. It's used by health care professionals for ADHD, depression, anxiety disorders, LD, mood disorders, and behavioral problems. This 4-day course, Neurofeedback in a Clinical Practice, provides the basis for using Neurofeedback clinically. - *28 CEs

      4-Day Comprehensive Course Dates
    • Portland OR Sep 18-21
    • Boston MA Oct 14-17
    • Raleigh NC Nov 11-14
    • Los Angeles CA Dec 9-12

    Our course is a hands-on experience right from the start. Attendees consistently say this format is a very good way to learn Neurofeedback.

    "Neurofeedback should be viewed as one of the three essential or primary forms of intervention - psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and Neurofeedback. In my experience, neurofeedback is every bit as important and powerful as the other two forms of treatment." - Dr. Laurence Hirshberg of Brown University Medical School, a psychologist specializing in Developmental Disorders and Autism.

    Contact Karie Kramer, our training coordinator, for more information 818-789-3456 ext 847 or see www.eegspectrum.com/Training

    *EEG Spectrum International, Inc. is approved by the APA to offer continuing education to psychologists. ESII maintains responsibility for the program.

    Conferences for Neurofeedback Clinicians & Researchers

    CONFERENCELOCATIONDATES
    iSNR - http://www.isnr.orgFt LauderdaleAug 26-29

     

    Last Word

    QEEG Research: Who, where, and what

    The following is a selected list of institutions where peer reviewed quantitative EEG (QEEG) research was performed and published in the last decade alone..
    1. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
    2. Beijing Medical University, China.
    3. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
    4. Columbia University
    5. Free University of Berlin, Germany.
    6. Fukui Medical School, Japan.
    7. Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
    8. Glasgow University, UK
    9. Grand Valley State University
    10. Harvard Medical School, Boston
    11. Indiana University
    12. Institute for Mental Health, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
    13. Johns Hopkins University
    14. Kanazawa University, Japan.
    15. Kansai Medical University.
    16. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    17. Louisiana State University
    18. Lund University, Sweden.
    19. Max-Planck-Institut
    20. Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York
    21. Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Japan
    22. National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
    23. Neurologische Universitatsklinik
    24. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
    25. New York University
    26. Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
    27. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
    28. Ohio State University, Columbus
    29. Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland.
    30. Pamukkale University
    31. Peking University, Beijing
    32. Psychiatric University Hospital Munich
    33. Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary.
    34. Seoul National University, Korea.
    35. St. Peter's University, New Brunswick, NJ
    36. Technical University, Dresden, Germany
    37. Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
    38. Temple University Health Sciences Center
    39. Trondheim University Hospital, Norway.
    40. Tufts University, Boston
    41. Tulane University
    42. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    43. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City
    44. Universita degli Studi La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
    45. Universita di Bari, Italy.
    46. Universita di Firenze, Italy.
    47. Universitat Erlangen
    48. Universitat Wurzburg.
    49. Universite de Montreal, Quebec
    50. University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway.
    51. University of Arizona, Tucson
    52. University of California, Irvine
    53. University of California, Los Angeles
    54. University of Connecticut
    55. University of Dundee, Scotland
    56. University of Genoa, Italy
    57. University of Houston, TX
    58. University of Iowa, Iowa City
    59. University of Kuopio, Finland
    60. University of Kuopio, Finland.
    61. University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
    62. University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
    63. University of Louisville, KY
    64. University of Lund, Sweden.
    65. University of Mainz, Germany.
    66. University of Mersin, Turkey
    67. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
    68. University of Minnesota
    69. University of Munich, Germany.
    70. University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
    71. University of Naples, Italy
    72. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
    73. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte
    74. University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
    75. University of Padova, Italy
    76. University of Pisa, Italy.
    77. University of Pittsburgh, PA
    78. University of Pretoria, South Africa.
    79. University of Siena, Italy.
    80. University of South Florida
    81. University of Southern California, Los Angeles
    82. University of Texas Southwestern
    83. University of Turin, Italy
    84. University of Utah, Salt Lake City
    85. University of Vienna, Austria.
    86. University of Wollongong, Australia
    87. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
    88. Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
    89. Washington State University
    90. Yale University
    91. Yokohama City University, Japan

    Here is a selected list of countries where QEEG research is ongoing:

    1. Argentina
    2. Australia
    3. Austria
    4. Belgium
    5. Canada
    6. China
    7. Finland
    8. France
    9. Germany
    10. Hungary
    11. Israel
    12. Italy
    13. Japan
    14. Korea
    15. Luxembourg
    16. Mexico
    17. Norway
    18. South Africa
    19. Spain
    20. Sweden
    21. Switzerland
    22. The Netherlands
    23. Turkey
    24. U.K.
    25. USA
    26. Yugoslavia

    Here are conditions and processes that were studied with QEEG during the last decade

    1. ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
    2. Adolescent Behavior
    3. Affect
    4. Age, Aged, Aging
    5. Aggression
    6. AIDS, HIV, & AIDS Dementia Complex
    7. Alcoholism
    8. Altitude Sickness
    9. Alzheimer Disease
    10. Amphetamine-Related Disorders & other drug-related disorders
    11. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    12. Anesthesia & Intraoperative Monitoring
    13. Anticonvulsants
    14. Antidepressants
    15. Antiparkinson Agents
    16. Antipsychotic Agents
    17. Anxiety, Panic attacks, & Phobias
    18. Apraxias
    19. Atrophy
    20. Attention
    21. Auditory Cortex, Pathways, & Perception
    22. Autistic Disorder
    23. Biofeedback
    24. Blood Flow Velocity, Glucose, and Pressure
    25. Brain Chemistry
    26. Brain Injuries, Concussion, Damage
    27. Brain Ischemia
    28. Caffeine
    29. Carbon Monoxide
    30. Cerebellar Diseases
    31. Cerebrovascular Accident and Disorders
    32. Child Abuse
    33. Chronic Disease
    34. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
    35. Circadian Rhythm, Activity Cycles & Wakefulness
    36. Cognition
    37. Cognitive Disorders
    38. Coma
    39. Consciousness
    40. Contingent Negative Variation
    41. Coronary Disease
    42. Delirium
    43. Dementia
    44. Depersonalization
    45. Developmental Disabilities
    46. Diabetes
    47. Down Syndrome
    48. Drug Interactions & Resistance
    49. Electric Stimulation Therapy
    50. Electrocardiography
    51. Electroconvulsive Therapy
    52. Encephalitis
    53. Enuresis
    54. Epilepsy, Seizures, & Status Epilepticus
    55. Estrogen Replacement Therapy
    56. Evoked Potentials
    57. Eye Movements
    58. Fragile X Syndrome
    59. Geriatric Psychiatry
    60. Hallucinations & Hallucinogens
    61. Headache & Migraine
    62. Hyperbaric Oxygenation
    63. Hypnosis & Suggestion
    64. Hypothyroidism
    65. Hypoxia
    66. Immune Complex Diseases
    67. Impulsive Behavior & Impulse Control Disorders
    68. Infancy
    69. Intelligence
    70. Kinetics
    71. Laterality
    72. Learning Disorders
    73. Lyme Disease
    74. Memory & Memory Disorders
    75. Meningitis
    76. Mood Disorders, Depressive disorders, Bipolar disorder
    77. Movement & Gait Disorders
    78. Multiple Sclerosis
    79. Neuronal Plasticity
    80. Nicotine
    81. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    82. Occupational Diseases & Exposures
    83. Pain, Measurement & Threshold
    84. Parkinson Disease
    85. Perceptual Disorders
    86. Personality & Temperament
    87. Pharmacology & Pharmacokinetics
    88. Photic Stimulation
    89. Placebos
    90. Pregnancy & Complications
    91. Psychometrics
    92. Psychomotor Performance
    93. Psychotherapy
    94. Psychotropic Drugs
    95. Quality of Life
    96. Radiation Injuries
    97. Recovery of Function
    98. Respiratory Mechanics
    99. Restless Legs Syndrome
    100. Rett Syndrome
    101. Schizophrenia & Psychoses
    102. Sedatives
    103. Sensation Disorders
    104. Sensory Deprivation & Thresholds
    105. Serotonin
    106. Severity of Illness
    107. Sex Characteristics, Factors, & Bisexuality
    108. Sleep, Deprivation, Disorders
    109. Smoking Cessation
    110. Social Behavior Disorders
    111. Social Perception
    112. Speech Disorders & Language Disorders
    113. Stress
    114. Stress Disorders, PTSD
    115. Substance Abuse, Withdrawal Syndrome, & Temperance
    116. Survivors
    117. Tourette Syndrome
    118. Treatment Outcome
    119. Tremor
    120. Twins
    121. User-Computer Interface
    122. Verbal Behavior & Writing
    123. Vision & Visual Perception

    Source: Medline