A Monthly Summary of News and Events
Vol. 3 No. 5 - May 2000
This newsletter is sponsored by EEG Spectrum International, Inc.,
a leader in providing clinical service and training professionals.
Past issues are available at www.eegspectrum.com/newsletter/
Information on how to subscribe or cancel a subscription appear at the end.
The opinions related in this newsletter reflect those of the author only.
Copyright (C) 2000 by EEG Spectrum International, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Two recent publications should make some noise for neurofeedback. This month Jim Robbins, a free lance reporter, publishes a popular book on the history and current state of this field (see Last Word, below). Although this petal is meant for the general public, it may resound a bit with mental health professionals as their clients ask about and request the new therapy they've read about. But a rose petal can only be so heavy, and likewise a popular book's impact on the professional domain. Fortunately a weighter object was hurled into the abyss this January. The January 2000 issue of the journal Clinical EEG was entirely dedicated to neurofeedback research. Sixty slendor pages, not very heavy to lift, but it should make a thump when it strikes the base.
The issue consists of a brief editorial followed by seven review articles. Each review focuses on a single disorder or syndrome treated by neurofeedback. The editorial, written by Frank Duffy, MD, a highly respected scientist and director of the Developmental Neurophysiology Laboratory at Harvard's Childrens Hospital in Boston, may prove to have the greatest impact of all the ink splashed onto these pages. It may lure eyes and minds into the issue, helping to get this thin volume into the hands of those scientists and clinicians who remain ignorant of this promising technique.
"In my opinion, if any medication had demonstrated such a wide spectrum of efficacy it would be universally accepted and widely used" (Duffy, 2000).
That says it all, doesn't it? Why neurofeedback is not "universally accepted and widely used" is probably due partly to the mottled history of biofeedback, a lack of major financial incentives and patentable ideas in the field, and competition from highly profitable (read pharmaceutical) establishments. Yet the greatest hurdle may be mental -- a mental block in the minds of practitioners and the public. Science is replete with similar mental blocks -- an idea is implausible until it is inevitable and obvious. Paradigms do not slouch towards Harvard (or Bethesda) to be born; they are tsunamis that build to insufferable heights before crashing down on everyone's heads. So don't look up. Can we accept an exercise model over a surgical model for remediating neurological and psychiatric dysfunction? Soon, perhaps, but not today....
Regardless of obstacles, the review articles in this issue are highly recommended for anyone remotely interested in treating mental illness. In the remainder of this essay I'll recount one of the papers (another was detailed in the December 1999 issue of this newsletter).
David Trudeau presents the history and effectiveness of alpha-theta neurofeedback in treating substance abuse and dependence. In the early '70s Elmer Green at the Meninger Clinic developed a form of alpha-theta training. By reinforcing the pattern of alpha and theta activity produced by experienced meditators during meditation, a state of reverie and relaxation could be induced in an individual. In 1973 Goslinga sought to produce a similar state in addicts, an altered state of reverie during which the addicted patient might be susceptible to the therapist's suggestions (a characterization of the training no longer widely accepted). The use of an altered state was thought to augment psychotherapy as well as to promote individual insight into his or her condition.
This was not the first attempt to use an altered state for psychotherapeutic purposes. Twenty years earlier Timothy Leary administered a series of experiments which soon became notorious and resulted from his expulsion from Harvard. In the late 50s Leary began to approach seminary students around Boston, requesting that they ingest an unknown (to them) psychotropic substance while secluded in a room, often listening to music and other evocative stimuli. (At least one seminary student at Boston University declined to participate in this experiment -- my father. Later it came out that LSD was the substance used in this early research.) Although both alpha-theta training and the Harvard Psychedelic Project, as Leary called it, share certain similarities including the production of deeply emotional or mystical experiences in some users, the resemblence ends at the mechanism involved. To augment the psychodynamic process, participants in the LSD experiments ingested "consciousness-expanding" chemicals, usually unaware of the inherent dangers and cautions involved with synthetic substances. Once ingested, the mechanisms were no longer under conscious control by the individual, unlike alpha-theta training, which can be stopped by the patient at any time, usually by opening the eyes. Compared to reinforcing endogeneous rhythms, as what happens in alpha-theta training, the LSD (and later psilocybin) experiments involved a very unnatural mechanism for inducing emotional dissociation. Not unlike the surgical and pharmaceutical techniques still in wide use today.
In the 80s Eugene Peniston developed an elaborate alpha-theta protocol which he used to treat V.A. patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, or both. In conjunction with traditional psychotherapeutic techniques, he reported remarkable results, particularly in terms of remission rates (nearly 0% in some studies, almost unheard of in addiction research). More impressive, these results persisted over lengthy follow-up periods. Since then, other researchers have reported similar successes (Kelly, 1997; Scott & Kaiser, 1998), making the development of alpha-theta training perhaps the most promising addition to substance abuse treatment since Bill W's development of the 12-step process.
The success stories of neurofeedback, as reviewed in this issue of Clinical EEG, are just as numerous outside of addiction treatment and should amount for more than a few rose petals. Here are the other papers:
Copies of the journal issue can be purchased for about $22. Contact clinicaleeg@aol.com for more information.
- David Kaiser
Further Reading
A Symphony in the Brain: The Evolution of the New Brain Wave Biofeedback
Attachment and Psychopathology
Health Resources Online; A Guide for Mental Health and Addiction Specialists
Attention Deficit Disorder : A Different Perception
Prozac and the New Antidepressants : What You Need to Know About Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox, Wellbutrin...
Alcoholism, the Facts
Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with ADHD shown with fMRI.
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ADHD symptoms may be closely tied to functional abnormalities in the putamen, a brain region involved in the regulation of motor behavior. Boys with ADHD had higher T2 relaxation time measures in the putamen bilaterally than healthy control subjects.
A name, what's in a name? The medicalization of hyperactivity, revisited.
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Raising a hyperactive child can provoke a profound sense of alienation in parents. Medicalization and labeling helps validate and legitimatize parental experiences. It provided a sense of control and improved parent-child relationships. However doctors worried that such medicalization led to scape-goating the child and to self-fulfilling prophecies.
A follow-up pilot study of objective measures in children with ADHD
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TOVA impulsivity scores improve in children with ADHD but inattention, response time, and response variability do not after a prolonged period of stimulant medication therapy.
The neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and molecular genetics evidence supports dysfunction of fronto-striatal dopaminergic and noradrenergic circuits with resultant executive deficits in cognitive functioning.(full text available online)
Deficient intracortical inhibition in drug-naive children with ADHD is enhanced by methylphenidate.
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Motor system excitability was evaluated in ADHD children using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); ADHD-children had reduced intracortical inhibition compared to controls.
Neuropsychological differentiation of depression and anxiety.
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Depression and anxiety were uniquely and jointly associated with perceptual asymmetry. Depression associated with a relative decrease and anxiety with a relative increase in right-posterior activity.
Functional Neuroimaging and Quantitative Electroencephalography in Adult Traumatic Head Injury: Clinical Applications and Interpretive Cautions.
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An overview of the use of procedures such as positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and quantitative electroencephalogram in adults for accurate differential diagnosis of mild head trauma.
Neuropsychological correlates of domestic violence.
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Poor neuropsychological performance was common among batterers and was more predictive of batterer status than all clinical variables measured. Current cognitive status, prior brain injury, childhood academic problems, as well as psychosocial influences, contribute to a propensity for domestic violence.
Psychiatric symptoms among clients seeking treatment for drug dependence.
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Gender, physical health, drug dependence and personal relationship problems predicted psychiatric symptoms than substance use. Psychiatric symptoms are more closely linked to polydrug use.
Gender differences in regional cerebral activity during sadness.
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Cerebral correlates of emotional experience in males and females indicates a more focal and subcortical processing of sadness in men.
Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: an MRI and PET study.
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Age at which exposure to marijuana begins is important: those who start before 17 show smaller whole brain and percent cortical gray matter and larger percent white matter volumes than those starting after 17.
| EEG Spectrum International is offering a series of workshops addressing topics of interest to professionals working in the field of neurofeedback. Class size is limited to 25 to allow for informal interaction. | |
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Working with Learning and Behavior Problems in a School Setting
John Anderson Instructor Minneapolis, MN Jun 10-11, 2000 EEG Biofeedback Instrumentation Howard Lightstone Instructor Encino CA July 8-9, 2000 Therapeutic Techniques, Ethics, Research Principles Lisa Cavallaro, Psy.D., Instructor Encino CA Aug 12-13, 2000 Psychopharmacology, Nutrition, and Neurofeedback Bruce Goderez, M.D., Instructor Boston, MA Sep 23-24, 2000 | |
For information, call EEG Spectrum International at 818-789-3456 x 810 or email training@eegspectrum.com
PREREQUISITES FOR EITHER PRACTICUM:
Next Comprehensive Course: Philadelphia, PA (4+2) - Jun 15-20
more info at www.eegspectrum.com/course
Conferences for Neurofeedback Clinicians & Researchers | ||
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| CONFERENCE | LOCATION | DATES |
| SNR | Minneapolis, MN | Sep 20 - 24 |
Angelo Schibeci, PhD Josephine Capitani Health Plus 52 Dunmore Street Wentworthville NSW Australia 2145 Phone 612 9631 8944; Fax 612 9631 2984 shekinah@ihug.com.au Wellbeing & Integrated Neurotherapy Srvcs 10 Dyson Place Fairfield West, NSW Australia 2165 Phone 612 9604 6937; Fax 612 9604 1307 Dr John Criticos 79 Silver St Merrickville, NSW 2204 Phone: 61 (0)2 9349 7802 a8761@ozemail.com.au Dr. Susan Priest Healthcare Systems Perth WA | Stephen Dunstone, Psychologist 33 Dequetteville Terrace Kent Town South Australia 5067 Tel 08 83645342 Fax 08 83313814 Mob 0418 843 823 dunstone@senet.com.au Dr Peter Thomas 48 Carrington Street Adelaide SA 5000 Phone: 61 (0)417 849 458 ttg@iweb.net.au Brian O'Hanlon Psychologist, MAPS Fellow (Aust College of Clin Psych) PO Box 313 Coorparoo Qld 4151 Phone:(07) 3397 8250 0419302173 bohanlon@uq.net.au Caroline Grierson, RN BSN CBT CNT Train Your Brain 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Ste 100 Los Angeles, CA., 90095 (310) 478-1961 (310) 264-7246 ext 104 GrierEEGBF@aol.com |
A Symphony in the Brain: The Evolution of the New Brain Wave Biofeedback
Editorial Review:
Imagine a simple procedure versatile enough to treat epilepsy, autism, attention-deficit disorder, addictions, and depression with no drugs, surgery, or side effects, and to improve everything from golf scores to sleep to opera singers' voices. These are only some of the capabilities of neurofeedback, a controversial but effective treatment that is growing rapidly in use around the world and is revolutionizing the way an incredibly diverse range of medical and psychological conditions are treated. For more than twenty years a small handful of neurofeedback practitioners have achieved dramatic results in thousands of cases. Using computerized biofeedback equipment and capitalizing on recent scientific research that illustrates the profound plasticity of the brain, clinicians train patients to function in brain frequencies they don't usually use. This exercise strengthens the brain and the rest of the nervous system, with powerful effects on the entire body. Yet, because of the unusual nature of the procedure and the boldness of their claims, proponents of neurofeedback have found it nearly impossible to convince the medical field to take the treatment seriously. This situation, however, is changing. In A Symphony in the Brain, Jim Robbins traces the fascinating, untold story of the development of neurofeedback, from its discovery by a small corps of research scientists to its growing application across the country and around the world, to the contentious history of biofeedback in the 1970s, to present battles for acceptance in the medical and psychological community. He builds a compelling argument for research funding for neurotherapy and shows how almost anyone can gain from the technique. Offering a wealth of powerful case studies, accessible scientific explanations, and dramatic personal accounts, Robbins journeys through a remarkable field, which he brings to the public eye for the first time.