Research Articles, 2000-2003

  1. Self-reported psychopathology in polydrug users.
    Most polydrug exhibited higher anxiety symptoms although most were unworried by such symptoms, either due to a lack of self-awareness or acceptance of them as part of their substance use. [more]

  2. Detecting state and trait anxiety from auditory and visual cues
    State anxiety was identified more often from audio-only stimuli compared with video-only cues, thus changes in emotion may be better communicated with vocal/verbal stimuli, more stable features of personality from body and facial cues. [more]

  3. Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence.
    Neuropharmacologic studies suggest dysregulation of specific neurochemical mechanisms in brain reward and stress circuits that provide the negative motivational state that drives addiction. [more]

  4. Dual diagnosis: alcoholism and co-morbid psychiatric disorders.
    Reviews epidemiological, diagnostic, and treatment literature on co-morbidity of alcoholism, notably drug abuse, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and antisocial personality disorder. [more]

  5. Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    A review of OCD literature points to memory dysfunction, probably due to encoding impairment, common to this condition. [more]

  6. Perceptual defense in anxiety disorders.
    Anxious subjects exhibit perceptual strategies different from nonanxious subjects, with selective facilitation of processing for stimuli specific to the disorder. [more]

  7. Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma.
    Adverse early-life experiences have a profound effect on the developing brain, and the consequences of early-life stress are reviewed. [more]

  8. Structural and functional brain changes in PTSD
    The hippocampus, amygdala, and medial frontal cortex differ in PTSD from normals. [more]

  9. Nature of traumatic memories: a 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis.
    PTSD is associated with lateralized differences of brain connectivity, with decreased connectivity in multiple left brain regions but increased in some right brain regions. [more]

  10. Contemporary issues in mild traumatic brain injury.
    Persistent postconcussive syndrome after mild brain trauma is biologically inseparable from otherposttraumatic syndromes. [more]

  11. Psychological factors associated with memory function in fibromyalgia syndrome.
    A basic disorder of endocrine stress responses may contribute to cognitive symptoms experienced in fibromyalgia. [more]

  12. Impact of stress on addiction.
    Drug delivery controls activation of the HPA axis and this production of an internal state of arousal may be that which is sought by the individual (i.e., the sensation-seeking hypothesis). [more]

  13. Cortical neurophysiology of anticipatory anxiety
    Both excitatory and inhibitory processes are associated with anticipatory anxiety alterations. [more]

  14. Reduced response-inhibition in OCD
    An inhibitory deficit in OCD, notably in ERPs, is a major contribution to this pathophysiology of OCD. [more]

  15. Anxiety and selective attention in OCD
    Performance on selective attention tasks deteriorated for OCD subjects when confronted with anxiety-provoking scenarios compared to neutral scenarios. [more]

  16. QEEG studies of cue-induced cocaine craving.
    Cue-induced anxiety is associated with reduced high frequency and enhanced low frequency EEG activity. [more]

  17. Assessment and treatment of ADHD in children with comorbid psychiatric illness.
    Children with other disruptive disorders plus ADHD respond to stimulant meds whereas those with anxiety and ADHD respond to many behavioral and pharmacological ADHD treatments. [more]

  18. Neuroimaging and Neurocircuitry in PTSD: What Is Currently Known?
    PTSD neurocircuitry involves the amygdala, cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and hippocampus. [more]

  19. Neural correlates of traumatic recall in PTSD
    PTSD patients and controls had differential blood flow patterns during emotional recall in amygdala, insula and medial prefrontal cortex. [more]

  20. Paradoxical autonomic response to mental tasks in autism.
    Some autistic subjects are more stressed during 'rest' than during mechanical or repetitive mental tasks, as indicated by their autonomic response. [more]

  21. Neuroanatomical circuits modulating fear and anxiety behaviors.
    Anxiety disorders are heterogeneous, both symptomatically and neuroanatomically. [more]

  22. Time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal.
    A typical addiction withdrawal pattern was observed in heavy pot smokers -- aggression, anger, anxiety, decreased appetite, irritability, sleep problems, etc -- peaking 2 to 6 days, lasting up to 2 weeks. [more]

  23. Neuropsychological function in OCD
    OCD patients are impaired on delayed memory, response inhibition, impulsivity, and temporolimbic functions, but they are not impaired on executive function or verbal fluency. [more]

  24. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of OCD
    No difference was seen between rTMS and sham TMS using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. [more]

  25. Neuroimaging Communality between Schizophrenia and OCD
    The caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus may be implicated in both schizophrenia and OCD, though the jury is still out on this. [more]

  26. Elevated thalamic and prefrontal regional cerebral blood flow in OCD
    OCD symptom severity correlated positively with inferior frontal lobe and right basal ganglia activity. Compulsive behavior was inversely correlated with right thalamus activity. [more]

  27. Emotion regulation during separation procedure: addicted mothers
    Emotional expression and regulation appears to be impaired by the stress and maternal disengagement common to cocaine-exposed children [more]

  28. Mood and anxiety disorders among rural, urban, and metropolitan residents
    Gender differences in mood and anxiety disorders were found for urban and metropolitan but not among rural populations. Rural men report more mood and anxiety disorders than urban men. [more]

  29. Mixed lateral preference and parental left-handedness: risk for PTSD?
    118 right-handed male combat veterans were evaluated on PTSD. Right-handed participants with mixed lateral preference and those with a left-handed parent were more likely to have PTSD. [more]

  30. Selectively reduced regional cortical volumes in PTSD
    PTSD exhibits decreased pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and subcallosal cortex volumes. [more]

  31. Brain activation in PTSD with hyperarousal and impulsive aggressiveness.
    Some PTSD symptoms, especially impulsive aggression, may be associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow in the projection area of nucleus accumbens. [more]

  32. Cerebral blood flow in OCD
    Severity of OCD correlated positively with rCBF in the right thalamus. [more]

  33. Quantitative EEG analysis in obsessive compulsive disorder.
    Relative theta powers were increased and alpha powers were decreased in OCD patients, particularly in the frontotemporal region. [more]

  34. Frontal brain hypoactivity in anxiety with panic disorder.
    Patients with panic disorder have greater decrease in activation of a left frontal avoidance-withdrawal system in situations with a negative valence. [more]

  35. Coexistence of PTSD AND TBI
    TBI patients experience similar symptoms to PTSD patients, but that there are crucial symptom differences. [more]

  36. Psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes.
    Women with phobias had better outcomes and that men with psychiatric disorders in general, men with major depression, and men with antisocial personality disorder had worse outcomes. [more]

  37. Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse
    Traumatic events during early life, when neuronal connections are most plasticity, may permanently render neuroendocrine stress response systems supersensitive. [more]

  38. Deep brain stimulation for OCD
    Two patients experienced sustained improvement of OCD symptoms with deep brain stimulation, with no harmful side-effects at 2y+ follow-ups [more]

  39. Neural correlates of anxiety associated with OCD
    Washing-relevant anxiety activated dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex; checking-relevant anxiety activated only dorsal regions; and hoarding-relevant anxiety activated only ventral regions (and the left amygdala). [more]

  40. Too much thinking about thinking?: metacognitive differences in OCD
    Scores on the cognitive self-consciousness scale, a tendency to be aware of and monitor thinking, differentiated OCD patients from an anxious comparison group [more]

  41. Behavioral Aspects of Frontal Lobe Epilepsy.
    Frontal lobe epilepsy patients show executive dysfunctions in response selection and inhibition, hyperactivity, conscientiousness, obsession, and addictive behaviors. [more]

  42. Does OCD & heroin addiction share a common psychophysiological mechanism?
    P300 research suggests that OCD and long-term abstinent heroin addicts are both impaired in working memory and attention involving the right prefrontal areas. [more]

  43. Neural correlates of clinical symptoms in OCD
    Behavioral and PET data show increased activity in right orbitofrontal cortex and decreased activity at left parieto-occipital in OCD. Metabolism in right hippocampus and parietal regions correlates with severity of symptoms. [more]

  44. MRI in body dysmorphic disorder.
    Body dysmorphic disorder exhibits a leftward shift in caudate asymmetry and greater total white matter compared to controls, consistent with an OCD model for this condition. [more]

  45. Obsessive-compulsive behaviors in parents of multiplex autism families.
    Children with many repetitive behaviors were likely to have parents with obsessive-compulsive traits. [more]

  46. Patterns of Processing Bias for Emotional Information Across Clinical Disorders
    Anxious patients exhibit a greater selective attentional bias for threat relative to depressogenic material. [more]

  47. Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder
    An interaction between organizational strategy deficits and the effort to recall unstructured information contributes to doubting, an important feature of OCD. [more]

  48. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2001.
    An annual review of research on the opiate system, summarizing papers on behavioral effects of the opiate system, notably its role in pain, stress, learning, drug abuse, sexual activity, electrophysiology, and immunological responses. [more]

  49. Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related PTSD
    Children with PTSD from maltreatment perform poorly on measures of attention and abstract reasoning/executive function. [more]

  50. A Controlled Study of Cognitive Deficits in Children With Chronic Lyme Disease.
    Children with Lyme disease have more cognitive and psychiatric disturbances even after controlling for anxiety, depression, and fatigue. [more]

  51. Personality dimensions in pathological gambling disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    Pathological gamblers may differ from OCD patients and normal controls on personality, exhibiting greater novelty seeking, impulsiveness, and extravagance. [more]

  52. Neurological outcome after severe head injury in childhood: a long-term follow-up
    The infant brain is more vulnerable to lasting deficits and is more prone to post-traumatic seizure development. [more]

  53. Longitudinal analysis of subjective quality of life in schizophrenia: anxiety
    Changes in anxiety predict general life satisfaction in schizophrenia as well as some positive and negative symptoms. [more]

  54. Association between mild traumatic brain injury and psychiatric conditions.
    Individuals with brain injuries without psychiatric complication have good recoveries, but that with psychiatric comorbidity (notably depression, anxiety disorders or conversion disorder) do not. [more]

  55. Neurobiological mechanisms of social anxiety disorder.
    Social anxiety disorder may be a chronic neurodevelopmental illness. [more]

  56. Bidirectional child-family influences on outcomes of traumatic brain injury in children.
    Higher parent distress at 6 months after a child's head injury predicted more child behavior problems at 1 year; and more behavior problems at 6 months predicted poorer family outcomes at 1 year. [more]

  57. Recent perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.
    Generalized anxiety disorder is responsive to pharmacological treatments as well as psychotherapies. [more]

  58. Patterns of temperament and character in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    OCD patients are more likely to avoid harm and not seek out novelty or be self-directed than healthy subjects. [more]

  59. Developmental aspects of OCD: findings in children and adults.
    There appears to be a developmental discontinuity between juvenile and adult OCD. [more]

  60. Personality dysfunction among somatizing patients.
    Somatizers often exhibit one or more personality disorders, especially OCD, and are often self-defeating, depressive, and more neurotic and less agreeable. [more]

  61. Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder.
    Chronicity, impairment, comorbidity, and somatization influence the course of PTSD and subsequent outcome. [more]

  62. Psychiatric comorbidity in substance abuse
    Opioid abusers often suffer from major depression as well as occasionally personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobic disorder. [more]

  63. Compulsive drug-seeking behavior and relapse. Neuroadaptation, stress, and conditioning factors.
    Simultaneous effects of environmental triggers for relapse may be considered in the development of treatment and medical strategies. [more]

  64. Translating the psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder into clinically useful analogy.
    Clinical practice for treating PTSD has not yet been affected by the new psychobiology findings. [more]

  65. Quantitative EEG responses to ischaemic arm stress in migraine.
    In controls, only noxious stress decreases alpha power but in migraine patients mild stress is sufficient to decrease alpha power, confirming that migraine is characterized by a state of altered neuronal excitability. [more]

  66. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. VII. Comorbidity.
    Depressive comorbidity has implications for assessment, management, and outcome in many disorders including anxiety, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as schizophrenia, ADHD, and dementia. [more]

  67. Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: toward quantitative phenotypes.
    Four separate symptom dimensions oF OCD may exhibit. [more]

  68. Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder
    Given the frequent comorbidity of depression and other anxiety disorders with GAD, antidepressants are judged to be the most appropriate first-line pharmacotherapy. [more]

  69. Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and ADHD disorders
    Tics and ADHD are associated with OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood, although ADHD was associated with lower IQ and lower social status, whereas OCD was associated with higher IQ. [more]

  70. Relationship of psychiatric illnesses and seizures.
    Depression is the most prevalent seizure comorbidity. Anxiety and panic attacks may resemble complex partial seizures, and their diagnosis and treatment may be confusing and should be re-examined. [more]

  71. Male depression and suicide.
    The authors propose a male depressive syndrome: low stress tolerance, acting-out behavior, low impulse control, substance abuse & hereditary loading of depression, alcoholism & suicide. They developed a detection scale. [more]

  72. History of mental illness as predisposing factor in PTSD.
    PTSD patients have less family history of anxiety disorder and less personal history of mental illness prior to the trauma episode. [more]

  73. Cognitive functioning after mild versus moderate TBI in older adults.
    Moderate TBI patients resemble mild TBI patients on depression, anxiety, and somatic concerns, but they perform poorer on cognitive measures. [more]

  74. Violent traumatic events and drug abuse severity.
    Occurrence of PTSD-related symptoms was associated with greater drug abuse severity in methadone patients. [more]

  75. Variability and severity of depression and anxiety in PTSD and depression
    Mood variability may be an important method of distinguishing PTSD from depression. [more]

  76. Brain imaging in posttraumatic stress disorder.
    Dysfunction of the anterior cingulate, with a failure to inhibit amygdala activation, may characterize PTSD [more]

  77. On the role of prefrontal cortex glutamate in OCD and ADHD
    OCD is a hyperglutamatergic and ADHD hypoglutamatergic condition, with prefrontal brain regions being especially affected. [more]

  78. Generalized anxiety disorder in women.
    Although women are most susceptible to generalized anxiety disorder than men, the course of illness and prognosis do not differ. [more]

  79. Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies to Treat Anxiety and Depression
    More than half of patients with anxiety attacks or severe depression report using complementary and alternative therapies in the past 12 months. [more]

  80. Stroke: Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life
    Anxiety disorders and depression follows stroke in 20 to 50% of cases, which may affects one's opinion about their quality of life. [more]

  81. Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: a tic-related subtype of OCD?
    Child-onset OCD may be a distinct subtype of OCD, bearing a close relationship to tic-disorders, and may differ from adult-onset OCD. [more]

  82. Suicidal ideation in major depression: sex differences and anxiety.
    More women than men with major depression experienced suicidal ideation, but both men and women with a lifetime anxiety disorder are more likely to be suicidal. [more]

  83. Traumatic stress in the 21st century.
    Posttraumatic stress disorder has emerged as the most common anxiety disorder in women. Those at risk for PTSD include chronically ill psychiatric patient and childhood abused and neglected populations, [more]

  84. The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance.
    Stress-induced structural changes in the hippocampus and other regions have clinical ramifications for disorders such as depression, PTSD, and individual differences in the aging process. [more]

  85. A causal model of depression in early adolescents.
    Perceived stress strongly predicted depression in early adolescents whereas self-esteem had no direct effect on depression, and girls did not report higher levels of depression than did boys. [more]

  86. Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability
    Reading disability is not associated with symptoms of aggression, delinquency, oppositional defiant disorder, or conduct disorder, but is associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. [more]

  87. Attachment security: a meta-analysis of maternal mental health correlates.
    Social-marital support, stress, and depression affects attachment security, as shown in a meta-analysis of more than 2000 mother-child pairs. [more]

  88. Informed consent and neuroanatomic correlates of intentionality
    Prefrontal cerebral deficits in schizophrenia, depression, and some anxiety disorders may result in impoverished intentionality and voluntariness. [more]

  89. Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with PTSD
    Sleep disturbances affected 70% of PTSD subjects including injurious behaviors during sleep, sleep paralysis, sleep talking, and hypnagogic hallucinations [more]

  90. Intellectual and Emotional Functioning in College Students following Mild TBI in childhood
    College students with a past history of mild TBI are intellectually unimpaired and approach studying in a normal manner; however they report more distress in personal and emotional functioning. [more]

  91. Are alexithymia, depression, and anxiety distinct constructs in affective disorders?
    Alexithymia and depression are separate constructs that are closely related. [more]

  92. Sleep disturbances associated with ADHD: psychiatric comorbidity & pharmacotherapy.
    Sleep difficulties are common in ADHD youths, but these are mostly attributable to anxiety and behavioral disorder comorbidity and stimulant medication. [more]

  93. Teens with learning disabilities: risk and protective factors associated with emotional well-being
    Learning disabilities are associated with higher rates of emotional distress, suicidal attempts, and violence involvement. [more]

  94. Coping strategies in twins with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome.
    Stress coping strategies was generally the same for fatigued and non-fatigued twins, except that the CFS twin tending towards avoidance of issues. [more]

  95. Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, and Substance Use Disorders
    Major depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicidal ideation are quite common in primary care practices in urban settings. Depression, for instance, was reported in nearly 1 in 5 patients. [more]

  96. Understanding and treating PTSD: past, present, and future.
    Summary of research findings on the neurobiology of PTSD. [more]

  97. The many faces of social anxiety disorder.
    Social phobia affects approximately 1 in 10 individuals at some time in their lives, but remains largely underrecognised and undertreated. Untreated, social phobia can often be complicated with major depression or substance abuse. [more]

  98. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of OCD
    Reviews functional neuroimaging studies of OCD, particularly of the orbitofrontal-subcortical circuitry. Phenotypic heterogeneity may underline inconsistencies among past studies. [more]

  99. Autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder and in PTSD
    Differences in autonomic regulation, as measured by heart rate variability, are reported for PTSD and panic disorder. [more]

  100. Tourette's syndrome in children: neurological, neuropsychological and psychiatric issues.
    Reviews the complex interplay of clinical features of TS. The high psychiatric comorbidity (notably OCD and ADHD) is discussed along with the range of treatments [more]

  101. Cognitive and family therapies for adolescent depression
    Nondirective supportive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy reduced anxiety symptoms more than systemic-behavioral family therapy. [more]

  102. Can traumatic brain injury cause psychiatric disorders?
    Traumatic brain injury is strongly associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but not substance abuse or schizophrenia. [more]

  103. Assault, PTSD, family substance use, and depression as risk factors for cigarette use in youth
    Increased risk of smoking was found with familial substance use for boys and sexual assault or depression for girls. PTSD was not independently associated with increased risk of smoking. [more]

  104. Obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood.
    OCD can disrupt friend and family relationships as well as school performance; either the disorder frequency is rising in children or recognition of it is growing. Up to 4% of teens exhibit OCD. [more]

  105. Applied relaxation vs. cognitive therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.
    Applied relaxation and cognitive therapy are both relatively effective in treating GAD (e.g., 53 and 62% at post-treatment, respectively. [more]

  106. Psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: are they primary or secondary?
    Antisocial personality disorder and phobias have onsets prior to drug dependence whereas generalized anxiety disorder onsets after, and depression is evenly divided between earlier and later onsets relative to drug dependence. [more]

  107. Stress and Vulnerability to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
    Witnessing domestic violence or being physically abused predicts PTSD severity. [more]

  108. Hardiness and social support as moderators of stress.
    Hardiness, commitment, and social support moderate the effects of stress and its role in the development of depression. [more]

  109. Family Study of Girls With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
    Familial transmission of ADHD is gender-blind: Relatives of ADHD girls show the same higher prevalences of antisocial, mood, anxiety, & substance use disorders as boys (only antisocial disorders were more common among boys' relatives). [more]

  110. The Neurodevelopmental Frontostriatal Disorders: Evolutionary Adaptiveness and Anomalous Lateralization.
    Many neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with frontostriatal dysfunction (e.g., OCD, ADHD, autism, depression), which makes the authors wonder if these conditions reflect extreme manifestations of an otherwise occasionally adaptive response. [more]

  111. Age of onset in affective disorder: its correlation with hereditary and psychosocial factors.
    As expected, bipolar patients with a family history of affective disorder show an earlier age of onset and need less stress factors to become ill. [more]

  112. Issues in the diagnosis and assessment of anxiety disorders in children.
    Assessment methods used with anxious children provide reasonable information on anxious symptoms, but are poor discriminators and are insensitive to developmental levels. [more]

  113. Low novelty-seeking differentiates obsessive-compulsive disorder from major depression.
    Both OCD and depression patients are abnormal on harm avoidance, self-directedness & co-operativeness measures, but are distinguish by low novelty-seeking in OCD only. [more]

  114. Psychobiological problems in heavy 'ecstasy' (MDMA) polydrug users.
    Repeated MDMA can cause serotonergic neurotoxicity. Reduced serotonin activity may produce a host of problems including paranoid ideation, psychoticism, obsessionality, anxiety, hostility, altered appetite, and restless sleep. [more]

  115. Seasonal variations in internalizing, externalizing, and substance use disorders in youth.
    Incidence of OCD, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and depression are lowest in early autumn; also true but weakly for ADHD, ODD, and marijuana use. No seasonality was found for substance use, agoraphobia, nor panic disorder. [more]

  116. Psychiatric comorbidity associated with eating disorder symptomatology among adolescents
    Major depression, panic disorder, OCD, and especially dysthymia are strongly associated with eating disorders among teens. [more]

  117. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.
    Comorbidity in PTSD is very common. There is substantial symptom overlap between PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses, particularly major depressive disorder. PTSD patients may also often self-medicate, resulting in substance use disorders. [more]

  118. Assessment and treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents.
    Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a useful framework for guiding assessment and treatment research with older children and adolescents. [more]

  119. Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia.
    The relationship among stress, depression, subjective sleep complaints, and EEG exposes some discrepancy between subjective and objective measures of sleep in insomniacs. [more]

  120. What do youth referred for anxiety problems worry about?
    Evaluating children's worries can play an important role in understanding anxiety and its disorders in youth. [more]

  121. What parts of PTSD are normal: intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake.
    13% of Northridge CA earthquake survivors suffer from PTSD, and half exhibit reexperiencing and arousal symptom criteria without avoidance and numbing symptoms (symptoms associated with psychiatric comorbidity). [more]

  122. Two-year mental health service use and course of remission in patients with substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders.
    PTSD-focused treatment services are an essential treatment component for substance abuse/dependence patients with PTSD. [more]

  123. Neuropsychological differentiation of depression and anxiety.
    Depression and anxiety were uniquely and jointly associated with perceptual asymmetry. Depression associated with a relative decrease and anxiety with a relative increase in right-posterior activity. [more]

  124. Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's disorder.
    Sensory phenomena including bodily sensations, mental urges, and a sense of inner tension may reflect phenotypes along the OCD-Tourette's disorder spectrum. [more]

  125. Anxiety disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
    83% of subjects with anorexia nervosa and 71% of those with bulimia nervosa had at least one lifetime diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, most frequently social phobia. Anxiety disorder frequently exists prior to an eating disorder, which must taken in consideration for successful treatment. [more]